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| The Karakalpak Museum of the Arts, the Savitsky Collection Nukus - The Green Teahouse by Alexander Volkov |
Sunday, June 19, 2016
Green Teahouse by Alexander Volkov
Wednesday, June 8, 2016
Major gas chemical complex commissioned in Uzbekistan
The project involved both the upstream development and operations at the Surgil Field involving drilling new production wells and constructing upstream infrastructure including expanding the complex gas treatment unit to supply up to 3 billion cubic meters per annum (BCMA) of gas and 115 thousand tons per annum (KTPA) of condensate; and the downstream development and operations at the gas treatment site is located approx. 115km southwest of the Surgil Field.
The integrated gas to chemical complex production (gas-to-chemical) comprises five plants a gas separation plant, an ethylene, a high-density polyethylene plant, a polypropylene
plant, and supporting facilities;
product transportation, water supply infrastructure; the project also includes three 35-megawatt gas
turbine generator sets so its
power supply independent of the national grid. The project is sourcing gas from its own Surgil Field and will also purchase gas, through a gas supply agreement with UNG, from the Severniy-Berdakh and Vostochniy Berdakh Uchsay fields. Each is currently on-stream and the incremental production of the three gas fields available to the project provides the required gas volume. Condensate supply required for the polymer process is being provided under long-term supply contracts.
The upstream and downstream components of the project are connected by two parallel 115-km pipelines constructed to supply gas and condensate from the Surgil Field to the gas separation plant. The complex at full production is expected to annually process 4.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas, produce up to 4 billion cubic meters of marketable gas, 387,000 tons of polyethylene, 83,000 tons polypropylene.
A consortium of Korean companies joined Uzbekneftegaz having established the Uz-Kor Gas Chemical joint venture in May, 2008. Ustyurt GCC project was implemented on a parity basis. The Korean consortium included Lotte Chemical 24.5%, Korea Gas Corporation 22.5% and GS E& R 3%. The consortium established a joint venture, the UZ-Kor Gas Chemical LLC, with the Uzbekistan state-run company Uzbekneftegaz 50%. The consortium financed 50 percent of the project, and the Uzbekistan financed the other half to develop the gas chemical complex. The main customers base likely CIS, Eastern Europe and Turkey and later western regions of China.
General contractors of the project were the Korean Samsung Engineering, GS Engineering and Hyundai Engineering. The construction of the complex began in 2011. The total cost of the project amounting to nearly US $ 4 billion. Participants of the project allocated approximately $1.4 billion and attracted about $2.5 billion from financial institutions in order to implement the project.
Source:http://www.mrcplast.com/news-news_open-318462.html
Monday, April 18, 2016
Saiga Conservation Website - Highly Recommended
Saiga Conservation Alliance Website (highly recommended) go to http://www.saiga-conservation.com/news.html
Saigas are one of the most threatened species on earth. Their numbers have declined by 95% in just 15 years. The Saiga Conservation Alliance (SCA) is committed to saving the critically endangered saiga antelope from imminent extinction and I highly recommend their website - it is well worth following.
Photo . Victor Tyakht
Wednesday, March 9, 2016
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu el ultimo Khwârazmshâh
Imperio Jorezmita
Los Jorezmitas fueron una dinastía musulmana sunní de origen mameluco turco que fundó un imperio conocido normalmente como el Imperio corasmio, primero como vasallos de los selyúcidas y más tarde como gobernantes independientes en el siglo XI. El imperio sobrevivió hasta la invasión mongola de 1220.
Jalalad-Din Mingburnu (nombre completo: Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Manguberdi ibn Muhammad) o Manguberdi (túrquico), también conocido como Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh, fue el último gobernante del Imperio Jorezmita. Nacido hacia 1199 aproximadamente. Después de la derrota de su padre, Ala ad-Din Muhammad II por Genghis Khan en 1220, Jalal ad-Din Mengübirti llegó al poder, pero rechazó el título de sah que su padre había asumido, y se llamó a sí mismo simplemente sultán. Jalal ad-Din se retiró con las fuerzas jorezmitas restantes, mientras eran perseguidos por un ejército mongol y en la batalla de Parwan, al norte de Kabul, derrotó a los mongoles.
Debido a la invasión mongola, el saqueo de Samarcanda y a la deserción de sus aliados afganos, Jalal ad-Din se vio forzado a huir a la India. En el río Indo, sin embargo, los mongoles dieron con él y diezmaron sus fuerzas junto con miles de refugiados en la batalla del Indo de otoño de 1221. Escapó y buscó asilo en el sultanato de Delhi pero Iltutmish le negó el asilo en deferencia a su relación con el califato abasí.
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu pasó tres años en su exilio en la India. En 1223 Mingburnu entró en una alianza con los khokhars y capturó Lahore y gran parte del Punjab. Solicitó una alianza con Iltutmish contra los mongoles. El sultán de Delhi se negó, no deseando entrar en conflicto con Genghis Khan y marchó hacia Lahore a la cabeza de un gran ejército. Mingburnu se retiró de Lahore y se movió hacia Uchch infligiendo una severa derrota a su gobernante Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha, y saqueando Sindh y el norte de Gujarat antes de regresar a Persia a inicios de 1224 tras enterarse de los éxitos de su último hermano Ghijath ad-Din Pir-Schah en el golfo pérsico, al oeste del actual Irán.
Consiguió un ejército y restableció un reino. Los gobernadores de Kermán (capital Qutlughchaniden) y Fars (dinastía túrquica Salghúrida) se le sometieron. Se hizo con el Juzestán, amenazando a los califas de Bagdad. Sin embargo, nunca consolidó su poder, y pasó el resto de sus días luchando contra los mongoles, pretendientes al trono y los turcos seljúcidas de Rum. Perdió su poder sobre Persia en una batalla contra los mongoles en las montañas Alborz y huyó al Cáucaso, para capturar Azerbaiyán y derrocar a sus atabeg en la primavera de 1225, estableciendo su capital en Tabriz. Posteriormente venció al Reino de Georgia en batalla cerca de Garni, pudo tomar Tiflis pero los azeríes se rebelaron y debió someterlos. Finalmente, saqueó Tiflis el 9 de marzo de 1226, destruyendo todas las iglesias y masacrando a la población cristiana de la ciudad. Ocupado en combatir a los ayubidas de Akhlat, no pudo impedir a los georgianos y armenios capturar Tiflis, pero reaccionó en cuanto pudo y los cristianos debieron retirarse sin pelear.
En 1227 Jalal ad-Din obtuvo una breve victoria sobre los selyúcidas. Es vencido por los mongoles en agosto 1228 en Isfahán, donde casi es capturado; buscando aliarse con el califa, quien estaba más interesado en ayudar a los georgianos a enfrentarlo. En 1229 envía un ejército hasta Derbent, que acampa a orillas del lago Seván en dos campamentos. Los cristianos asaltan y destruyen uno de los campamentos, los jorezmitas sobrevivientes se retiran. Jalal ad-Din avanzó y la reina Rusudan contrato mercenarios cumanos y osetios para fortalecer sus mermadas fuerzas. En la batalla de Bolsini en la primavera de ese. Los cumanos se cambiaron de bando y los jorezmitas ganaron el combate. Después asedia los fuertes de Gagi y Kvarin y se retiro en el otoño.
El 14 de abril de 1230 capturó la ciudad de Akhlat de los ayubidas (tras atacarla sin éxito en 1226 y 1229). Esto motiva una alianza entre selyúcidas y ayubidas. El 10 de agosto es derrotado por el sultán Kayqubad I en Erzincan en el Alto Éufrates en la batalla de Yassıçemen. Evacúa Akhlat y escapó a Diyarbakir. Además, el general mongol Chormagan ataca en el invierno de 1230-1231 Azerbaiyán aprovechando su debilidad. Incapaz demovilizar un nuevo ejército se refugia en Kapan, para morir a manos de un asesino kurdo contratado por los selyúcidas en agosto de 1231.
Los Jorezmitas fueron una dinastía musulmana sunní de origen mameluco turco que fundó un imperio conocido normalmente como el Imperio corasmio, primero como vasallos de los selyúcidas y más tarde como gobernantes independientes en el siglo XI. El imperio sobrevivió hasta la invasión mongola de 1220.
Debido a la invasión mongola, el saqueo de Samarcanda y a la deserción de sus aliados afganos, Jalal ad-Din se vio forzado a huir a la India. En el río Indo, sin embargo, los mongoles dieron con él y diezmaron sus fuerzas junto con miles de refugiados en la batalla del Indo de otoño de 1221. Escapó y buscó asilo en el sultanato de Delhi pero Iltutmish le negó el asilo en deferencia a su relación con el califato abasí.
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu pasó tres años en su exilio en la India. En 1223 Mingburnu entró en una alianza con los khokhars y capturó Lahore y gran parte del Punjab. Solicitó una alianza con Iltutmish contra los mongoles. El sultán de Delhi se negó, no deseando entrar en conflicto con Genghis Khan y marchó hacia Lahore a la cabeza de un gran ejército. Mingburnu se retiró de Lahore y se movió hacia Uchch infligiendo una severa derrota a su gobernante Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha, y saqueando Sindh y el norte de Gujarat antes de regresar a Persia a inicios de 1224 tras enterarse de los éxitos de su último hermano Ghijath ad-Din Pir-Schah en el golfo pérsico, al oeste del actual Irán.
Consiguió un ejército y restableció un reino. Los gobernadores de Kermán (capital Qutlughchaniden) y Fars (dinastía túrquica Salghúrida) se le sometieron. Se hizo con el Juzestán, amenazando a los califas de Bagdad. Sin embargo, nunca consolidó su poder, y pasó el resto de sus días luchando contra los mongoles, pretendientes al trono y los turcos seljúcidas de Rum. Perdió su poder sobre Persia en una batalla contra los mongoles en las montañas Alborz y huyó al Cáucaso, para capturar Azerbaiyán y derrocar a sus atabeg en la primavera de 1225, estableciendo su capital en Tabriz. Posteriormente venció al Reino de Georgia en batalla cerca de Garni, pudo tomar Tiflis pero los azeríes se rebelaron y debió someterlos. Finalmente, saqueó Tiflis el 9 de marzo de 1226, destruyendo todas las iglesias y masacrando a la población cristiana de la ciudad. Ocupado en combatir a los ayubidas de Akhlat, no pudo impedir a los georgianos y armenios capturar Tiflis, pero reaccionó en cuanto pudo y los cristianos debieron retirarse sin pelear.
En 1227 Jalal ad-Din obtuvo una breve victoria sobre los selyúcidas. Es vencido por los mongoles en agosto 1228 en Isfahán, donde casi es capturado; buscando aliarse con el califa, quien estaba más interesado en ayudar a los georgianos a enfrentarlo. En 1229 envía un ejército hasta Derbent, que acampa a orillas del lago Seván en dos campamentos. Los cristianos asaltan y destruyen uno de los campamentos, los jorezmitas sobrevivientes se retiran. Jalal ad-Din avanzó y la reina Rusudan contrato mercenarios cumanos y osetios para fortalecer sus mermadas fuerzas. En la batalla de Bolsini en la primavera de ese. Los cumanos se cambiaron de bando y los jorezmitas ganaron el combate. Después asedia los fuertes de Gagi y Kvarin y se retiro en el otoño.
El 14 de abril de 1230 capturó la ciudad de Akhlat de los ayubidas (tras atacarla sin éxito en 1226 y 1229). Esto motiva una alianza entre selyúcidas y ayubidas. El 10 de agosto es derrotado por el sultán Kayqubad I en Erzincan en el Alto Éufrates en la batalla de Yassıçemen. Evacúa Akhlat y escapó a Diyarbakir. Además, el general mongol Chormagan ataca en el invierno de 1230-1231 Azerbaiyán aprovechando su debilidad. Incapaz demovilizar un nuevo ejército se refugia en Kapan, para morir a manos de un asesino kurdo contratado por los selyúcidas en agosto de 1231.
THE KHWAREZM SHAHS DYNASTY
Khwarazm Shah Dynasty (c. 1077–1231) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. The dynasty ruled large parts of Central Asian during the high Middle Ages first as vassals of the Seljuqs and Kara-Khitanand and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia in the 13th century.Mahmud of Ghazni
The dynasty dates from a revolt in 1017 where Khwarezmian rebels murdered the ruler of Khwarezm Abu'l-Abbas Ma'munand and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud. In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa.
As a result, Khwarezm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 until it fell to the Seljuqs in 1034. In 1077 the governorship of the province passed to a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan Anush Tigin Gharchai. During his governorship, he assured his family's place in the region and after his death in 1128, his son Atsiz was appointed as the new governor by the Seljuk Sultan Sanjar. Ala ad-Din Atsiz was a ruthless ruler; he laid heavy taxes on the people and began expansion his territories and Sanjar soon moved against him, however let him to continue to govern the region, because a new danger was coming from the Steppes. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara Khitay at the battle of Qatwan, and he became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Kara Khitan.
Ala ad-Din AtiszAfter Atsiz died in 1156, he was succeeded by his son Il-Arslan who in 1157 proclaimed Kharwarezms independence and successfully defeated both the Kara-Khitai and neighbouring Qarakhanids and captured important Transoxiana towns Bukhara and Samarkand. On his death in 1172 his son Ala ad-Din Tekish became the new Khwarezm Shah.
As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs continues to expand their territories southward. Tekish invaded Khorasan in 1183 and in 1194 defeated and killed the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Toghril III the new empire gaining parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who soon initiated conflict with the Ghurids (from Afghanistan) however was defeated by them at the battle of Amu Darya (1204).
Following their sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from their former suzerain, the Kara Khitai who sent him an army. With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghurids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm. Muhammad's gratitude towards them was however short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the Kara-Khanids, and defeated a Kara-Khitai army at Talas (1210), but allowed Samarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Kara-Khitai. In 1212 he overthrew the Kara-khanids and by 1215 also defeated his old adversary the Ghurids. In the year 1212, Muhammad II shifted capital from Gurganj (now known as "Urgench") to Samarkand.
In a few short years Muhammad II had incorporated nearly the whole of Transoxiana and present-day Afghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the borders of India to Anatolia. By 1218, the empire had an area of 3,600,000 km2.and a population of 5 million people.
In 1219 the leader of the Mongols Genghis Khan sent a trade mission of 500 merchants to the state, but at the town of Otrar the governor, suspecting the Khan's ambassadors to be spies, confiscated their goods and executed them. Genghis Khan demanded reparations, which the Shah refused to pay. Genghis retaliated with a force of 200,000 men, launching a multi-pronged invasion.
Mongol Siege
In February 1220 the Mongolian army crossed the Syr Darya and soon stormed Bukhara, Gurganj and the Khwarezmid capital Samarkand. They moved on Gurganj, the Shah fled westward and died some weeks later of pleurisy on an island in the Caspian Sea. His son Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu became the new Sultan (he rejected the title Shah) soon retreated into the mountains with his remaining Khwarazm forces, while pursued by a Mongol army. However his forces and local allies regrouped and defeated the Mongols at the battle of Parwan, north of Kabul. However another Mongol army soon moved against them (and after being abandoned by his Afghan allies) forcing the Khwarazm forces to flee towards India.
Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus River, escaping Genghis Khan and the Mongol army.
Unable to move fast enough the Mongols caught up with them and at a disastrous clash known as the battle of the Indus slaughtered much of his army along with thousands of refugees. He & other survivors however famously escaped across the Indus and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi. However the Sultan of Delhi Iltumish refused, not wishing to get into a conflict with Genghis Khan, and marched towards Lahore at the head of a large army. Mingburnu retreated and moved towards Uchch inflicting a heavy defeat on its ruler Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha then plundered Sindh and northern Gujarat before returning to Persia in 1224. Once in Persia he once again regathered an army and re-established a short lived kingdom.
In February 1220 the Mongolian army crossed the Syr Darya and soon stormed Bukhara, Gurganj and the Khwarezmid capital Samarkand. They moved on Gurganj, the Shah fled westward and died some weeks later of pleurisy on an island in the Caspian Sea. His son Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu became the new Sultan (he rejected the title Shah) soon retreated into the mountains with his remaining Khwarazm forces, while pursued by a Mongol army. However his forces and local allies regrouped and defeated the Mongols at the battle of Parwan, north of Kabul. However another Mongol army soon moved against them (and after being abandoned by his Afghan allies) forcing the Khwarazm forces to flee towards India.
Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus River, escaping Genghis Khan and the Mongol army.Unable to move fast enough the Mongols caught up with them and at a disastrous clash known as the battle of the Indus slaughtered much of his army along with thousands of refugees. He & other survivors however famously escaped across the Indus and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi. However the Sultan of Delhi Iltumish refused, not wishing to get into a conflict with Genghis Khan, and marched towards Lahore at the head of a large army. Mingburnu retreated and moved towards Uchch inflicting a heavy defeat on its ruler Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha then plundered Sindh and northern Gujarat before returning to Persia in 1224. Once in Persia he once again regathered an army and re-established a short lived kingdom.
However he was unable to consolidated his power and had to struggling against the Mongols, the Seljuks of Rum, and pretenders to his own throne. In less than a year he lost control of Persia after being defeated in a major battle against the Mongols in the Alborz Mountains. Escaping to the north through the Caucasus, his army captured Azerbaijan in 1225, setting up his capital at Tabriz. In 1226 he attacked Georgia and sacked Tbilisi. Following on through the Armenian highlands he clashed with the Ayyubids, capturing the town Ahlat along the western shores of the Lake Van, who sought the aid of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. Sultan Kayqubad I forces defeated his at Arzinjan on the Upper Euphrates at the Battle of Yassıçemen in 1230. He escaped to Diyarbakir, while the Mongols conquered Azerbaijan in the ensuing confusion. He was murdered in 1231 allegedly by Kurdish assassins. (Even then the Kurds were fiercely independent - nothing has changed).
Sultan Jalal ad-Din's followers remained loyal to him even after his death and from 1231 raided the Seljuk lands of Jazira and Syria for the next several years, calling themselves the Khwarezmiyya. Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub, in Egypt, later hired their services against his uncle as-Salih Ismail. The Khwarezmiyya, heading south from Iraq towards Egypt, invaded Crusader Christian-held Jerusalem along the way, on July 11, 1244. The city's citadel, the Tower of David, surrendered on August 23, 1244 and the Crusaders expelled. This triggered a call from Europe for the Seventh Crusade, but the Crusaders would never again be successful in retaking Jerusalem. After being conquered by the Khwarezmian forces, the city would stay under Muslim control right until 1917 when it was taken from the Ottomans by British and Commonwealth forces in WW1 with the help of their Arab allies.
THE KHWAREZM SHAHS DYNASTY
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Altuntashid
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Under the Oghuz (Seljuq)
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Anushtiginid (Seljuq Vassals)
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Friday, February 12, 2016
Kyzylkum desert unusual winter snows
Source: State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Nature Protection
This winter the Kyzylkum desert (in summer one of the hottest places in Uzbekistan) has seen a lot of snow which is a rarely observed phenomenon.
Read the full story in http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-35096.htm
The Kyzyl Kum (red) desert is located between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, north of the Karakum (black) desert. It mainly consists of sand dunes and is located on a vast plateau (with an average elevation of 300 m above sea level in the southeast and 53 m in the northwest). Temperatures can be very high during the summer months, from mid-May to mid-September (up +50 °C in July ) and relatively cold winters (from 0 °C to –9 °C in January). The annual precipitation is low, from 100 mm to 200 mm, most of which falls in winter and spring.
Read the full story in http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-35096.htm
The Kyzyl Kum (red) desert is located between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, north of the Karakum (black) desert. It mainly consists of sand dunes and is located on a vast plateau (with an average elevation of 300 m above sea level in the southeast and 53 m in the northwest). Temperatures can be very high during the summer months, from mid-May to mid-September (up +50 °C in July ) and relatively cold winters (from 0 °C to –9 °C in January). The annual precipitation is low, from 100 mm to 200 mm, most of which falls in winter and spring.
Tuesday, February 9, 2016
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