Pages

Sunday, April 12, 2020

Kipchak Languages















An accurate representation of the areas in which Turkic languages are spoken.
  Southwestern (Oghuz)
  Southeastern (Karluk) 
   Khalaj (Arghu) 
   Northwestern (Kipchak) 
   Chuvash (Oghur)
   Northeastern (Siberian)
The Kipchak languages (also known as the KypchakQypchaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 31.3 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine  to China
Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh Kyrgyz and Tatar.
The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups, based on geography and shared features: Note: Languages in bold are still spoken today.
Proto-Turkic
Common Turkic
Kipchak
Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)
·         Bashkir
·         Tatar
·         Old Tatar language †
Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)
·         Karachay-Balkar
·         Kumyk
·         Karaim
·         Krymchak
·         Urum*
·         Crimean Tatar
·         Cuman †
Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)
·         Kazakh
·         Karakalpak
·         Siberian Tatar
·         Nogai
Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)
·         Kyrgyz
South Kipchak
·         Fergana Kipchak †
*Note: Kipchak–Cuman base, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.
There are some 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Number
Name
Status
Native speakers
Main Country
1
Kazakh language
Normal
14,000,000
Kazakhstan
2
Tatar language
Normal
5,500,000
 Russia
3
Kyrgyz language
Normal
5,000,000
 Kyrgyzstan
4
Bashkir language
Vulnerable
1,500,000
 Russia
5
Karakalpak language
Normal
650,000
 Uzbekistan
6
Crimean Tatar language
Endangered
600,000
 Russia * (previously Ukraine SSR)
7
Kumyk language
Vulnerable
450,000
 Russia
8
Karachay-Balkar language
Vulnerable
400,000
 Russia
9
Siberian Tatar language
Endangered
100,000
 Russia
10
Nogai language
Definitely endangered
100,000
 Russia
11
Krymchak language
Critically endangered
200
 Israel
12
Karaim language
Critically endangered
100
 Ukraine
Total
Kipchak languages
31,300,000
The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family. These include:
  • Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot").
  • Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them")
  • Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
  • Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
 Bibliography
  • Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
  • Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.
  • Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kipchak"Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  •  Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11. (In Russian)
  • https://www.ethnologue.com/
  • https://glottolog.org/
Source


No comments:

Post a Comment