An accurate representation of the areas in which Turkic languages are spoken.
The Kipchak languages (also
known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq or the Northwestern
Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by
approximately 31.3 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe,
spanning from Ukraine to China.
Some of the most
widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh , Kyrgyz and Tatar.
The Kipchak languages may be broken down
into four groups, based on geography and shared features: Note: Languages in bold are
still spoken today.
Proto-Turkic
|
Common Turkic
|
Kipchak
|
Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)
|
·
Bashkir
·
Tatar
·
Old Tatar language †
|
Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)
|
·
Karachay-Balkar
·
Kumyk
·
Karaim
·
Krymchak
·
Urum*
·
Crimean Tatar
·
Cuman †
|
|||
Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)
|
·
Kazakh
·
Karakalpak
·
Siberian Tatar
·
Nogai
|
|||
Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)
|
·
Kyrgyz
|
|||
South Kipchak
|
·
Fergana Kipchak †
|
*Note: Kipchak–Cuman base, but have been
heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.
There are some 35 documented
languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers
derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Number
|
Name
|
Status
|
Native speakers
|
Main Country
|
1
|
Kazakh language
|
Normal
|
14,000,000
|
Kazakhstan
|
2
|
Tatar language
|
Normal
|
5,500,000
|
Russia
|
3
|
Kyrgyz language
|
Normal
|
5,000,000
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
4
|
Bashkir language
|
Vulnerable
|
1,500,000
|
Russia
|
5
|
Karakalpak language
|
Normal
|
650,000
|
Uzbekistan
|
6
|
Crimean Tatar language
|
Endangered
|
600,000
|
Russia * (previously Ukraine SSR)
|
7
|
Kumyk language
|
Vulnerable
|
450,000
|
Russia
|
8
|
Karachay-Balkar language
|
Vulnerable
|
400,000
|
Russia
|
9
|
Siberian Tatar language
|
Endangered
|
100,000
|
Russia
|
10
|
Nogai language
|
Definitely endangered
|
100,000
|
Russia
|
11
|
Krymchak language
|
Critically endangered
|
200
|
Israel
|
12
|
Karaim language
|
Critically endangered
|
100
|
Ukraine
|
Total
|
Kipchak languages
|
31,300,000
|
The Kipchak languages share a number of
features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these
features are shared with other Common Turkic languages;
others are unique to the Kipchak family. These include:
- Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot").
- Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them")
- Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
- Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
- Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kipchak". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11. (In Russian)
- https://www.ethnologue.com/
- https://glottolog.org/
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