Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last Khwarazmian Shah .

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

His full name was Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Manguberdi ibn Muhammad. He was better known as Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu or Jalal ad-Din Khwarazmshah. The son of Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, the man responsible for causing the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire.

The newly formed Mongol Empire wanted to trade with the wealthy Khwarazmians and Shah Muhammad II agreed. However the peace was not to last. Soon after a Mongol trading caravan was arrested by a Khwarazmian governor. Genghis Khan sent three messengers to Muhammad II himself, demanding the immediate release of the trading caravan. The Shah had the messengers beheaded.  He then ordered the execution of the trading caravan. This resulted in the Mongol invasion of Khwarazmian and the fall of this great empire.

The Khwarezmian Empire at it’s greatest extent 1n 1220 (800 years ago).

The Mongols began their invasion in 1219 and in just over a year the empire was now under Mongol control. Shah Muhammad II fled westwards to a barren island in the Caspian Sea where it is said he died of thirst in 1220.

The fate of the empire now rested in the hands of the young Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who was only 20 years old at the time. Jalal ad-Din and members of the army (who had survived the onslaught) were forced to flee southwards towards the Hindu Kush. Here he made new alliances with the Afghans and swelled his army to 60,000 men. 

The two armies would meet in the Battle of Parwan in 1221 naer modern day Kabul. The Mongol general, Shigi Qutugu, was extremely overconfident as the Mongols had very easily defeated the Khwarezmians in every single battle. He did not initially realize that his army which numbered around 30,000–40,000 was outnumbered. The valley was ill-suited for cavalry. Still confident the Mongols chose to face Jalal ad-Din in direct battle. Over half of the Mongol army was killed in battle and the other was forced to retreat. The image of invincibility that the Mongols had created for themselves was shattered. It was the first time the Mongols had ever been beaten.

Genghis Khan began once again to gather the Mongol army and again  face off against the young Sultan. Unfortunately for Jalal ad-Din a disagreement with the Afghans (over a horse belonging to the Mongol General) resulted in tensions with his new allies. Soon he lost the Afghan support altogether. Jalal ad-Din decided to flee eastwards towards the Indus with his army of about 20,000 men and thousands of Khwarezmian refugees. Genghis Khan realising the young Sultan’s plans followed him with haste hoping to catch him before he crossed the Indus river. He brought with him some 200,000 men. The Mongol army caught up with Jalal ad-Din at the banks of the Indus river and forced the Khwarezmians to fight with their backs to the river. The initial Mongol charge was held off and the following counterattack almost broke the Mongol ranks but the Mongol army was far too great.  Jalal ad-Din and his surviving army however had time to cross the Indus river and escaped from wrath of Genghis Khan.

Battle of Indus River. Jalal ad-Din crosses the river to escape.

Jalal ud-Din sought asylum under the Delhi Sultanate but was denied. He then formed an alliance with the rulers of Lahore and captured much of Punjab. The Delhi Sultan and his forces then marched on Lahore forcing Jelal ud-Din to flee once more this time to Persia.

In Persia, he formed new alliances to re-establish the Khwarezmian Empire. He however to do so he had to go into  battle against the Ayyubids and the Seljuk princes. He managed to capture many regions such as Tbilisi, Fars, Kerman, Tabriz and Isfahan.  however the new Khan Ögedei Khan sent a large army to the region. The resurgent Khwarezmian armies were defeated and scattered. Jalal ad-Din was forced to flee once more. In 1231, the last Khwarezmian, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, was murdered by a Kurdish assasin..

A statue of Jalal ad-Din stands proud in Urgench, Uzbekistan

Jalal ad-Din bravery in facing the Mongols however became legendary, 

Prior to Mongol expansion

Footnote: The genocide of the Khwarezmians by the Mongols is considered one of the worst in human history. According to  historians the Mongols reduced the population of this region to 200,000 from  over  2 million prior to the invasion. leaving 1.8 million people dead at the very least. Only one out of every 10 people survived.

Some of the worst examples of the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia included the destruction of Samarkand the capital of the empire. It took the Mongols five days to take this well fortified city. After a failed counter attack, its defenders lost hope and surrendered. This, however, would not save them. The Mongols would break the terms of surrender and kill the defenders anyway. The citizens were taken out of the city where most were killed. 

Likewise the city of Urgench the second capital of the empire was raised to the ground despite being well protected by the Amu river. The Mongols Khan tasking each soldier to bring back the heads of 24 Khwarezmians. The women and children were taken as slaves and all the men killed. This however was not enough for the Mongols. The nearby dam that irrigated the region was destroyed, flooding the City and surrounding lands in Khoresm.

But perhaps Merv was the city that suffered the most. The city of Merv was filled with refugees. People seeking to escape the from the incoming Mongol horde. It fell after just seven days. On the eighth, they surrendered to the Mongols on the promise that the citizens of the city would be spared. As soon as the city handed over control to the Mongols, the massacres began and except for 400 artisans, everyone else was killed. 

The city of Merv (now in Turkmenistan)

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu - A Short Biography of Khorezms most famous son

Photo: Jalal ad din Manguberdi

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu al-Khwarazmi (full name: Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Manguberdi ibn Muhammad) or Jaloladdin Manguberdi (Turkic for "God-given"), also known as Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh, was the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire. Following the defeat of his father, Ala ad-Din Muhammad II by Genghis Khan in 1220, Jalal ad-Din Mengübirti came to power but he rejected the title shah that his father had assumed and called himself simply Sultan. After the fall of Samarkand Jalal ad-Din with the remaining Khwarazm forces beat a forced retreat into Afghanistan, while pursued by a Mongol army. At the battle of Parwan, north of Kabul, the Khwarezmians with local Afghan Tajik allies defeated the Mongols (ED: the only time in Gengiz Khans lifetime that the Mongols were defeated in battle -  Interestingly even to this day no foreign army however mighty has ever been able to hold sway in Afghanistan).

After being deserted by his Afghan allies (as legend has it over a dispute about whom would have the white steed of the defeated Mongol General) the Mongols regrouped and soon after Jalal ad-Din and his troops were forced to flee towards India. On the left bank of the Indus River, however, the Mongols caught up with the Kharwarezms and at what has become known as the Battle of Indus inflicted a major blow against his army, killing most of his men along with slaughtering thousands of civilians with his army. He and his core followers famously putting up a heroic struggle against huge odds along the banks of the river, with the survivors including Mingburnu escaping across the Indus.

 

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu was to spend the next three years in exile in India. Entering into an alliance with the Khokhars he captured Lahore and much of the Punjab. The next year he requested an alliance with Iltutmish against the Mongols. However the Sultan of Delhi refused, not wishing to get into a conflict with Genghis Khan and instead marched towards Lahore at the head of a large army. Mingburnu retreated from the city and moved towards Uchch inflicting a heavy defeat on its ruler Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha, and occupied Sindh and northern Gujarat before returning to Persia in 1224.

Once again he gathered an army and briefly re-established a kingdom, however he was unable to consolidate his power for long as once again his forces were pursued by the Mongols who met his forces in battle in the Alborz mountain range (located in northern Iran  stretching from the border of Azerbaijan along the western and entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea) after which he and his men had to make a forced crossing of the Caucasus whereupon they captured Azerbaijan in 1225, setting up their capital at Tabriz. After initially forming an alliance with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm against the Mongols, Manguberdi fell out with them and his forces went on the attack once more in 1226 sacking Tbilisi (capital of the Kingdom of Georgia). Several years of skirmishes were to follow and in 1230 his army captured the town then Armenian city Akhlat (now situated in Turkey) from the Ayyubids. However his forces were overextended and in 1230 where defeated by Sultan Kayqubad I the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm at Erzincan on the Upper Euphrates at the famous Battle of Yassıçemen (Yassi Chemen).

Once again he and a core group of followers managed to escape into the Mountains of Kurdistan finding refugee in the city of Diyarbakir, however in the ensuring confusion the Mongols capture his previous stronghold of Azerbaijan. (ED: Diyarbakir today is one of the largest cities in south eastern Turkey and in the heartland of the Kurdish struggle for self determination). Diyarbakir was to be his last sanctuary, as he was assassinated there in 1231 by a Kurdish assassin hired by the Seljuks.

Manguberdi's loyal followers, however, remained loyal to him even after his death, transforming themselves into a mercenary force called the Khwarezmiyya. Thirteen years later they made history when in pay of the Ayyubid Sultan Salih Ayyub of Egypt, the Khwarezmiyya they invaded Christian-held Jerusalem, capturing the city's citadel, the Tower of David; and on July 11, 1244, forcing the surrender of the crusader army. Of great note is that after being conquered by the Khwarezmiyya, Jerusalem would stay under control of Islamic sovereignty until 1917,  near the end of World War I, when it was taken from the Ottomans by victorious British and Commonwealth forces.(ED: The Australian Light Horse brigade playing a critical role in the battle).

 
Video: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu (2:08)



Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Mingburnu